BI 225 - Botany

HISTORY OF BOTANY

• describe the major areas of botanical research including the development of plant uses in medicine, geography, ecology, and aesthetics. Explain how this research has affected culture.

CELL STRUCTURE, MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS, TISSUE TYPES

• compare and contrast plant and animal cells with respect to mitosis and meiosis; and
• describe life cycles and maintenance of plants.

ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUITS

• describe the major differences between members of the monocotyledonae and the dicotyledonae, with respect to roots, stems, and leaf tissues; and
• compare and contrast differences in flower, fruit types, and pollination mechanisms.

SOILS, METABOLISM, AND GROWTH

• describe origins of major soil types; recognize the effect of soil type on development of ecosystems and cultures;
• explain the processes of photosynthesis and respiration; and
• discuss the physiological effects of hormones in plants and how they are utilized in agriculture and horticulture.

CLASSIFICATION, PROTISTA AND FUNGI

• describe the five-kingdom system of classification and how to use the foundational rules of binomial nomenclature;
• identify the structure and life cycle of representative members of the Protista and Fungi kingdoms; and
• discuss the effects of these organisms on medicine and food production.

SURVEY OF NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

• identify structures and describe life cycles of representative members of the Bryophyta, Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pteridophyta and Coniferophyta; and
• discuss how members of the above groups have affected man historically and technologically.

SURVEY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

• explain the process of double fertilization and seed development in monocots and dicots.

BI 226 - Laboratory for BI 225

• microscope, cell structure, tissues, mitosis and meiosis: Understand how to use compound and dissecting microscopes and use them to identify plant cell structures and, identify the stages of mitosis and meiosis;
• roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits: Differentiate between monocot and dicot plant parts by structure, identify various plant tissues and, identify fruit types, development, and probable pollination mechanisms and pollinators;
• soils, metabolism and growth: Determine soil type of a soil sample and discuss effects of soil type, light conditions and plant hormones on plant growth;
• classification, protista and fungi: Identify members of Protista and Fungi through anatomical study;
• survey of non-flowering plants: Identify anatomical structures of representative members of Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pteridophyta, and Coniferophyta; and
• survey of flowering plants: Identify stages of double fertilization and seed development in flowering plants.

BI 230 - Microbiology

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:

INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

• define Microbiology, Microorganisms, Medical Microbiology Disease and Infectious Disease;
• list and characterize the different groups of microorganisms in relation to cell structure organization, size and disease association; and
• list the metric units of measurement used for microorganisms, and knowthe difference.

HISTORY OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

• recognize various early theories of disease causation;
• recognize the names and contributions of key people in the developmentof medical microbiology;
• list and describe Koch’s Postulates, identify the importance and explain their limitations; and
• identify contributions of Koch and coworkers to the field of clinical diagnostic microbiology.

CLASSIFICATION

• define taxonomy.
• identify the taxonomy groups for living things and classify groups of microbes within the hierarchy of living things. Recognize and identify contributions of early taxonomists such as Linnaeus and Whittaker;
• recognize and be able to correctly write the scientific name of living organisms;
• compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes;
• recognize and relate to the cellular components of eukaryotic cells to the chemical composition, location, function, and the function of each structure;
• recognize and relate the cellular components of prokaryotic cells to the chemical composition, location, function and clinical significance of each structure; and
• identify and use the correct bacteriologic terminology to describe the basic shapes and arrangements of bacteria.

OBSERVING THROUGH A MICROSCOPE

• describe how to prepare a smear of microbes for staining purposes and examining with a microscope;
• compare simple, differential and special stains;
• list the steps in performing a Gram stain. Describe the function of each reagent and describe the appearance of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria after each step. Be able to “troubleshoot” to explain procedural errors; and
• explain why each of the following stains is used and briefly explain the rationale of each stain: acid-fast, negative, spore, and flagella.

MICROBIAL GROWTH AND METABOLISM

• list and explain the growth requirements for microorganisms;
• list and explain the conditions for growth needed by microorganisms such as temperature, osmotic pressure, and gaseous. Use the appropriate terminology to describe organisms preferring those conditions;
• compare and contrast metabolic energy-yielding pathways such as aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation in relation to the definition of each pathway, the major sets of chemical reactions involved, the end-products and the relative amount of energy produced;
• define culture media and describe various types of media such as chemically defined and complex. List the raw materials that are used to prepare complex media. Describe the uses for media such as all-purpose, enriched, selective, differential, biochemical test, and reducing media and give examples of each type of medium;
• define terms such as binary fission, exponential growth, generation time, and population growth curve;
• explain the phases of a bacterial population growth curve. Recognize each phase and explain the dynamics occurring in each phase; and
• explain how to determine the number of viable bacteria in a sample. Calculate the number of bacteria in an original specimen from a standard plate count.

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH

• define terms relevant to hereditary material;
• describe various mechanisms whereby microorganisms acquire new genetic information; compare and contrast each mechanism; and
• give examples of the clinical relevance and applications of each mechanism.

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH

• define terms associated with methods of controlling microbial growth;
• identify various physical methods of controlling microbes and explain how each exerts its effect on microbes; relate each method to an application;
• list the factors affecting the effectiveness of chemicals. Give examples of specific chemicals, their use and action against microbes; and
• apply the information on physical and chemical control to appropriate situations.

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

• name key people and their contributions to the development of antimicrobial drugs;
• define terms related to antimicrobial drugs; match specific antibiotics to the group of microbes that produce them; define the action and spectrum of antimicrobial drugs. Describe specific modes of action of antimicrobial drugs; relate each to the degree of selective toxicity and give examples of drugs thatexert that mode of action; and
• describe potential complications of using antimicrobial drugs.

PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE

• define terms related to infectious diseases;
• describe various ways whereby diseases can be spread;
• list events in the development of a disease; and
• classify infectious diseases according to duration, severity and incidence.

MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY

• define terms related to pathogenicity;
• describe the portals of entry and exit of microbes; and
• list and describe the pathogenic properties of microbes and give examples of diseases that are associated with these.

HOST DEFENSE

• define terms related to host defense;
• describe various types of host defense mechanisms including external and internal non-specific mechanisms; give examples of how each protects against disease;
• recognize names of contributors and their work in the development of immunology. Compare and contrast humoral and cellular immunity in relation to organs, cells, their products, function and mechanism of action. Distinguish between different types of immunity;
• give examples of different immunodeficiencies and explain the consequence of such defects; propose treatments; and
• describe immediate and delayed hypersensitivity in relation to allergens, mediators, mechanism, treatment and prevention.

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

• for each major group of pathogenic microbes, describe their characteristics, major disease associations, pathogenesis, host response, treatment, prevention and laboratory diagnosis; and
• differentiate between the various pathogenic microbes in relation to cell type, organization and pathogenesis.

BI 231 - Lab for BI 230

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:

SAFETY PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS / USE OF THE MICROSCOPE

• discuss and follow the safety regulations in the microbiology laboratory;
• demonstrate the proper care in handling the microscope;
• locate and describe the function of each part of the compound microscope;
• use the microscope to observe prepared slides;
• review the steps of the scientific method; and
• complete assigned laboratory reports.

SURVEY OF MICROBIAL CELLS

• use the microscope to examine prepared slides of various microorganisms and use the correct terminology to describe shapes and arrangements of bacteria;
• prepare a wet mount of microorganisms and observe for motility and distinguish true motility from other movements such as Brownian Movement and streaming;
• compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; and
• complete assigned laboratory reports.

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

• describe the procedures and principles of aseptic technique as it pertains to the microbiology laboratory;
• using aseptic technique, transfer cultures of bacteria (broth, agar slant and agar plate cultures);
• demonstrate the proper way of performing a streak plate culture for isolation of bacteria and perform a 3-way streak;
• culture microorganisms from various environmental sources; and
• complete assigned laboratory reports.

EXAMINATION OF CULTURES

• describe the characteristics to look for when looking at cultures of bacteria;
• examine cultures prepared by students and demonstration cultures;
• describe the colony characteristics using the correct terminology;
• compare colony morphology of environmental plate cultures with known cultures; and
• complete assigned laboratory reports.

SMEAR PREPARATION AND STAINING

• describe the procedures for preparing smears from broth and agar media;
• properly prepare smears of various specimens for subsequent staining;
• perform a simple stain and examine the smear;
• perform a Gram stain using the appropriate control cultures to check for accuracy in results and examine the smears;
• perform an endospore stain and examine the smear;
• perform a negative stain and examine the smear;
• perform an acid-fast stain and examine the smear; and
• complete assigned laboratory sheets.

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH

• test the effectiveness of various antiseptic and disinfectant chemicals against gram positive and negative bacteria, and interpret the results;
• prepare Kirby Bauer plates comparing gram positive and negative bacteria;
• observe and measure antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby Bauer agar plates, and interpret the results;
• emphasize the purpose of hand washing/scrubbing through experimentation; and
• complete assigned laboratory sheets.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

• describe the role of microorganisms in food spoilage; and
• perform a standard plate count on a food sample to determine the number of bacteria in a sample.

PARASITOLOGY

• describe the basis of classifying protozoa and give examples of representative protozoa in each group;
• observe prepared slides of representative protozoa;
• describe the basis of classifying parasitic worms and give examples of representative parasitic worms in each group;
• observe prepared slides and macroscopic specimens for representative parasitic worms and their microscopic structures as ova; and
• complete assigned laboratory sheets.

MYCOLOGY

• isolate environmental fungal organisms;
• describe the basis of classifying fungal organisms and give examples of representative organisms;
• observe the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of representative mold and yeast organisms;
• prepare simple stain of yeast species; and
• complete assigned laboratory sheets.

DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Note: The instructor may choose different laboratory exercises to emphasize procedures used in the clinical laboratory.  Examples of exercises on normal and pathogenic bacteria include utilization of biochemical tests such as Triple Sugar Iron tubes, Citrate Utilization test, Urease test, Motility test, selective and differential media such as mannitol salt agar plates, blood agar plates, MacConkey agar plates and Eosin Methylene Blue agar plates.

BACTERIA OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

• obtain a throat and nasal specimen for culture;
• examine culture results and describe the colony morphology;
• differentiate the genera Staphylococcus from Streptococcus on the basis of microscopic morphology and the catalase test; 
• students speciate these two genera using biochemical and other appropriate tests, such as mannitol salt plate, blood agar hemolysis plates, bacitracin and optochin disk susceptibility tests; and
• complete assigned laboratory sheets.

BACTERIAL OF THE GENITOURINARY TRACT

• obtain a urine specimen for culture;
• examine and interpret test results based on colony counts;
• identify selected organisms that are representative organisms (normal and pathogenic) associated with the genitourinary tract using biochemical tests and differential/selective media stated above; and
• complete assigned laboratory reports.

IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN BACTERIUM

• determine the Gram reaction, cell-shape and arrangement and colony morphology of an unknown bacterium;
• determine the physiological characteristics of an unknown bacterium utilizing the biochemical tests and differential media described above; and
• critically analyze and identify an unknown bacterium through experimentation.

 

Concurrent Registration: BI 230
F/S (C, N, S)

BI 241 - Pathophysiology

• define cellular adaptation and injury;
• compare and contrast acidosis vs. alkalosis;
• define the common immune disorders;
• identify the properties of tumor growth and progression;
• explain how pathophysiology can impact cardiac disease;
• describe how pathophysiology can impact respiratory disease;
• summarize the causes of the signs and symptoms in selected GI and Endocrine disorders;
• identify the causes of the signs and symptoms of renal dysfunction;
• list signs and symptoms of major neurovascular disorders; and
• explain how pathophysiology can impact musculoskeletal disorders.

BI 254 - Anatomy of the Eye

• state the location and function of each of the anatomical parts of the eye;
• detail the histologic structure of each of the anatomical parts of the eye;
• state the micro-anatomical structure of the parts of the eye as well as the functions of each;
• describe the relationships of the structures of the eye to one another; and
• state the relationship of the eye to the orbit and to the appendages of the eye.

BI 255 - Physiology of the Eye

• review the location and function of each of the anatomical parts of the eye;
• understand the components of the eye exam S.O.A.P format;
• recognize and explain Physiologic Optics and refractive error as it relates to the anatomical structures of the eye as well as the physiology behind it;
• comprehend the physiology of Binocular Vision and the various problems that can occur to disrupt it;
• recognize the relationship of common clinical complaints to the physiology of the eye;
• understand the basics of Ocular Motility and the anatomical components involved, for example the Extra-ocular muscles names, location, type of movement and innervation; and
• comprehend the eye examination process and the physiology behind the various tests and findings.

BT 101 - Introduction to Biotechnological Science

• demonstrate an understanding of the process of manufacturing from bench to commercialization;
• recognize the differences between food processing and pharmaceutical manufacturing;
• demonstrate an understanding of the process of commercialization in the industry;
• obtain a thorough understanding of the quality control systems; and
• identify career and employment opportunities.

BT 105 - Quality Control Science

• perform basic laboratory skills that include calculating test sample dilution series and following protocols for preparing buffers, reagents, and media;
• perform various laboratory techniques such as titration, pipetting, measurement of weights and volumes, pH, water activity, viscosity and specific gravity measurement;
• follow appropriate safety procedures and laboratory guidelines;
• demonstrate an understanding of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), lab safety while recognizing laboratory hazards;
• maintain and utilize safety equipment and Personal Protection Equipment (PPE);
• identify direct causes of technical or instrumental problems and make appropriate corrections using pre-set strategies;
• operate equipment or instruments;
• perform, record and evaluate all quality control procedures required;
• perform the aspects and understand the Quality Management System:
• understand Statistical Quality Control through the performance of Capibility studies;
• report results in writing, orally or by computer conforming to established protocols; and
• maintain the work area in a clean, orderly condition

BT 108 - Regulatory Compliance

• demonstrate an understanding of the bio-manufacturing industry, the impact and requirements of a variety of regulatory agencies especially the responsibilities and goals of the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA);
• compare the similarities and differences of the FDA’s Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations for drugs, food processing and medical devices;
• identify the regulatory inspection, complaint, recall processes with emphasis on the typical current regulatory issues facing industry and regulatory bodies;
• describe the USFDA’s documentation requirements through the industry’s Good Documentation Practices (GDP); and
• demonstrate understanding of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and the regulatory guidances which resulted from this act.

BT 117 - Seminar for Biotechnological Science

• identify the skills necessary to practice in the biotechnology or biomanufacturing industry;
• describe the various kinds of job opportunities available to biotechnological science graduates, career success and advancement;
• demonstrate an understanding of continuing education opportunities; and
• describe how a manufacturing facility operates 

BT 128 - Food Safety and Sanitation

• explain the history and specifics of food borne illnesses;

• identify systems that provide protection from illness;

• explain critical food sanitation, cleaning, and sanitizing procedures;

• detail the fundamentals of the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP);

• demonstrate proficiency of the quality control systems which verify the quality of the food, food safety, and shelf life; and

• demonstrate an understanding of clean-in-place (CIP) and sanitize-in-place (SIP) cleaning and sanitizing and practical applications.

BT 210 - Immunoassay Analysis

• explain basic immunoassay concepts and techniques;
• describe the structure and preparation of antibodies;
• define categories of immunoassay methodologies;
• exhibit comprehension of protein, and nucleic acids, levels of structure, functions, and methods of analysis to characterize and determine concentration;
• demonstrate proficiency of concepts and principles of protein separation in electrophoresis procedures, quality control methods and troubleshooting separation pattern issues;
• demonstrate comprehension of spectrophotometric analysis procedures and perform calculations for concentration, absorbance, and percent transmittance;
• demonstrate proficiency in quality control principles of calibration, criteria for acceptance of a run and creation of a calibration or concentration curve as well as Westgard rules of quality control system; and
• demonstrate comprehension of chromatographic procedures, principles and analytic methods.

BT 211 - Immunoassay Analysis Laboratory

• perform immunoassay procedures;
• develop a hypothesis, record observations and compile laboratory data;
• demonstrate proficiency in performing quality control and troubleshooting procedures; and
• evaluate results to determine when results are valid and accurate; if deviations occur, able to perform appropriate corrective action procedures.

BT 220 - Industrial Microbiology

Fulfills the following SUNY General Education category:

• Natural Sciences

• describe methods of microbial analysis used in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical and food industries;
• apply aspects of microbiology applicable to manufacturing and quality control in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical and food industries;
• demonstrate understanding and relate the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point program to aseptic food processing and prevention of food borne illness;
• describe how microbial fermentations produce food products such as yogurt, sauerkraut, wine and beer, as well as pharmaceutical products such as antibiotics and vaccines; and
• demonstrate proficiency in performance and interpretation of environmental assessment techniques applicable to industry.

BT 221 - Industrial Microbiology Laboratory

Fulfills the following SUNY General Education category:

• Natural Sciences

• apply the aspects of microbiology applicable to manufacturing and quality control in the biotechnology and food industries;
• demonstrate and apply aseptic technique in bioburden and sterility testing for pharmaceuticals, food processing and medical devices;
• demonstrate competency in the performance of pure culture isolation by streak plate and pour plate methods; 
• demonstrate aseptic technique in the inoculation and analysis of broth and agar cultures;
• demonstrate competence in performing a wet mount and a gram stain procedure;
• demonstrate and apply environmental monitoring technique and trending analysis;
• accurately document laboratory results via laboratory reports in scientific journal style;
• demonstrate accurate and appropriate analysis of laboratory data as part of the scientific method; and
• apply microbiological processes to quality control, aseptic and sterile processing in the biotechnology and food industries.

BT 222 - Laboratory Calculations

• calculate both concentrations and content of solutions in the concentration units used in the biotechnology, biomanufacturing and health professions;
• perform dilution calculations when given appropriate information;
• calculate the volumes of various stock solutions required to make working solutions for analysis and to make solutions of acids and bases;
• calculate the standard deviation, mean, median, mode and coefficient of variation;
• apply the terms accuracy, precision, reliability, confidence intervals and relate these terms to laboratory measurement and determination of reference ranges;
• apply setting up, graphing and interpretation of quality control charts and calculation of reference ranges;
• perform simple pH and chemical buffer system calculations using the Henderson-Hasselbalch buffer equation;
• apply Beer’s Law to perform calculations of absorbance and transmittance for solution concentration in spectroscopy; and
• determine concentration by calculation of standard concentration and calibration curves for spectroscopy and colorimetric analysis

BT 230 - Food Processing Technology

The course will discuss fermentation and enzyme practices and procedures used to process fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry and dairy products. Exposure to these principles will enable a better understanding of food processing in the biotechnology field.

Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:

• identify the key concepts of biotechnology processes used in food processing;
• apply thermal kinetic principles to food processing in aseptic processing and sterilization methods;
• apply the separation technology methods, filtration, crystallization, distillation, solvent extraction, evaporation and membrane technology to food processing;
• demonstrate understanding of the chemical reactions affecting food quality, and the role of dehydration method to food processing;
• demonstrate understanding of the chilling and freezing process, including heat transfer, conduction and convection in processing various food types;
• demonstrate understanding of the role of enzymes, pH and temperature in fermentation and other food processes; and
• demonstrate comprehension of quality control system procedures.

BT 231 - Laboratory for Food Processing Technology

• identify the key concepts of biotechnology processes used in food processing;
• apply thermal kinetic principles to food processing in aseptic processing and sterilization methods;
• apply the separation technology methods, filtration, crystallization, distillation, solvent extraction, evaporation and membrane technology to food processing;
• demonstrate understanding of the chemical reactions affecting food quality, and the role of dehydration method to food processing;
• demonstrate understanding of the chilling and freezing process, including heat transfer, conduction and convection in processing various food types;
• demonstrate understanding of the role of enzymes, pH and temperature in fermentation and other food processes; and
• demonstrate comprehension of quality control system procedures.

BT 235 - Validation Science

• demonstrate an understanding of the impact and requirements of regulatory agencies especially the responsibilities and goals of the US FDA;
• exhibit an understanding of the FDA’s GMP regulations for drugs and medical devices and how industry utilizes the quality system concepts to convert FDA requirements to standard operating procedures, policies and guidelines;
• identify the regulatory inspection, complaint, recall processes with emphasis on the typical current regulatory issues facing industry and regulatory bodies;
• demonstrate an understanding of the FDA’s documentation requirements, Industry’s Good Documentation Practices (GDPs); and
• exhibit proficiency in developing a standard operating procedure on a product/process, generating a documentation change control which would meet US FDA and industry requirements.

BT 240 - Production of BioPharmaceutical Products

Also discussed in the course are methods for characterizing protein-protein interactions, essential methods for quantifying protein concentration, stabilizing and storing proteins, concentrating proteins, and immunoblotting. The course culminates with cell culture basics, purpose, cell lines, and culture maintenance.

Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:

• accurately characterize the structure and functions of proteins;
• specify the aseptic processing requirements for cell culture in biotechnology;
• demonstrate understanding in the performance and methodology of selected standard protein assays utilized in biotechnology;
• characterize the strategies used in protein purification; and
• analyze case studies of typical products developed in the biotechnology industry.

BT 241 - Laboratory for Production of BioPharmaceutical Products

• perform laboratory analyses to identify and characterize proteins in biotechnology;
• demonstrate proficiency in aseptic processing for cell culture in biotechnology;
• demonstrate proficiency in performing analyses used in protein purification; and
• establish proficiency in the ability to analyze data obtained from laboratory analysis for validity and troubleshoot and perform corrective measures where applicable to a technician level.

BM 101 - Tools, Equipment and Materials

• describe proper procedures for working with pressurized systems and vessels, electrical energy, heat, cold, rotating machinery and chemicals; for moving heavy objects; and for utilizing proper ventilation;
• apply work safety standards and recognize safety hazards;
• demonstrate the use of hand tools used by the HVAC/R technician to install and service an HVAC/R system;
• demonstrate the equipment used to install and service HVAC/R systems;
• recognize fasteners used to install and service HVAC/R piping and equipment;
• select tubing and piping used to install and service HVAC/R piping and equipment;
• demonstrate the bending, swaging, gluing, soldering, brazing, and threading methods of joining pipe;
• analyze systems efficiency by using leak test, evacuate and charge a refrigeration system; and
• demonstrate the ability to calibrate instruments used to install and service HVAC/R systems.

BM 102 - Building Trades Blueprint Reading

• understand, interpret, and visualize basic construction drawings; and
• understand fundamental methods of residential and commercial building construction through print reading and sketching.

BM 105 - Refrigeration Principles

• demonstrate an understanding of basic refrigeration theory and how a refrigeration system operates;
• describe and identify the components of a refrigeration system and explain their function and operation within the system;
• recognize the effect improper operation of any component has on overall system operation;
• demonstrate the knowledge of the common refrigerants and understand their use and the need for proper handling;
• apply understanding of the refrigerant pressure-temperature chart, and be able to use it in analyzing system performance; and
• illustrate the ability to identify the common controls used in refrigeration systems and explain their function and operation within the system.

BM 120 - Electricity for HVAC/R

• demonstrate an understanding of basic electrical theory and circuitry;
• demonstrate an understanding of the use of different voltages within an HVAC system;
• demonstrate an understanding of the operation of an electric motor;
• apply the ability to read and interpret the electrical schematic of an HVAC unit;
• apply the diagnostic skills required to properly operate and/or repair an HVAC system; and
• demonstrate an understanding of basic electrical safety and safe working practices. 

BM 130 - Building Systems I

• apply the basic principles of wooden and light steel building systems, material handling, selection and tool usage commonly found in the building and facilities industries;
• illustrate the ability to use hand and power tools safely and effectively in order to maximize efficiency in the work environment;
• demonstrate an understanding of basic construction math in order to estimate linear, square and volume measure, along with estimating labor and materials;
• demonstrate the ability to measure accurately and transfer dimensions in the production, care and maintenance of various building systems;
• demonstrate the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician;
• apply the use of building plans, specifications and codes; and
• demonstrate the ability to manage and lead others safely and effectively in the building and facilities industries.

BM 140 - Electrical Systems I

• demonstrate the basic principles of a broad overview of types and applications of electrical methods of tools, materials, devices, wiring controls and equipment utilized in current field applications;
• illustrate the ability to read, produce and interpret electrical blueprints and drawings, along with codes applicable to design (computer software);
• analyze the student’s analytical and diagnostic skills in the troubleshooting and repair of the operation of electrical systems;
• recognize awareness in the current electrical energy conservation opportunities and techniques utilized in industry today through solar, geothermal, wind and photovoltaic;
• apply the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician; and
• demonstrate oral and written communication skills through writing, sketching and presenting research reports on electrical planning and scheduling a project.

BM 142 - Refrigerant Handling Certification

• demonstrate an understanding of basic refrigerants and classifications;
• recognize and identify refrigerants and classifications;
• describe the proper procedures of refrigerant handling;
• demonstrate an understanding and explain the effect improper procedures of refrigerant handling;
• recognize the phaseout dates; and
• demonstrate an understanding of Montreal and Kyoto Protocols and how they apply to the EPA Clean Air Act.

BM 180 - Applied Mathematics and Estimating

• apply the fundamentals of good estimating practices;
• demonstrate knowledge of basic construction math in order to estimate linear, square and volume measure, along with estimating labor and materials;
• demonstrate the ability to measure accurately and transfer dimensions in the production, care and maintenance of various building systems;
• analyze the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician; and
• illustrate and understand the use of building plans, specifications and codes.

BM 181 - Budget Control and Estimating

• apply the fundamentals of good estimating practices;
• recognize formats used and methods in estimating labor, material and equipment; and
• develop an understanding of the process of calculating the quantities and costs of various items used in the maintenance and construction of residential multi-family and commercial structures.           

BM 200 - Techniques of Renovation and Restoration

• demonstrate knowledge of the sequence of steps involved in the renovation, restoration and reconstruction of new and old residential and commercial structures;
• analyze and evaluate the need for renovation, restoration and the energy and green technologies available in the opportunities available and required by codes;
• analyze and evaluate structural deterioration of structures;
• solve efficiency issues for workplace layout through methods of analysis to maximize productivity with computer application;
• apply international, federal, state and municipality codes and standards;
• demonstrate knowledge and use of contracts and specification formats;
• evaluate and perform material, labor, equipment and profit cost estimate of projects at hand;
• develop and present written presentations of design concepts and budget restraints; and
• demonstrate and utilize the technical knowledge learned from present courses and apply it.  

BM 210 - Commercial Air Conditioning Systems

• apply the understanding of basic parts and principals relating to specific commercial equipment;
• classify and identify the components to specific commercial equipment and find replacement parts;
• demonstrate the effect improper operation of any component has on overall system operation;
• recognize the operations and troubleshooting procedures for commercial equipment;
• demonstrate an awareness of the process for field estimating repairs and replacements of commercial equipment; and
• analyze and identify the specific controls used in commercial systems and explain their function and operation within the system. 

BM 215 - Workplace Practicum

• apply the knowledge of the safety hazards associated with the HVAC/R service industry;
• demonstrate awareness of the laws and guidelines that must be followed to ensure a safe work environment;
• develop an understanding of the need for proper refrigerant handling practices and EPA certification;
• recognize the demands of customers and the importance of strong customer relations skills; and
• demonstrate and develop the ability for good communications with management, co-workers and customers.

BM 225 - Energy Management

• analyze and perform an energy audit and make recommendations for cost effective retrofits;
• demonstrate and awareness of day to day operational considerations;
• demonstrate communication skills through an extensive multi-format presentation, written reports and oral reports;
• analyze and perform diagnostic testing of a structure; and
• apply knowledge of building systems and structural components.

BM 231 - Building Systems II

• demonstrate a working knowledge and interpretation of commercial and industrial blueprints;
• illustrate a basic knowledge of commercial specifications and their application;
• analyze and understand drawings and estimating methods and their interrelationships;
• solve problems working from a scale and drawing with the specifications;
• draw and interpret the specifications of a given project; and
• demonstrate the fundamentals of masonry construction and its maintenance repair.                                                                                                                  

 

S (C)

BM 237 - Building and Grounds Operations

• apply an understanding of the basic principles of maintaining a facility utilizing contractors equipment and operational forms;
• demonstrate the ability to produce and maintain structured maintenance forms;
• analyze and formulate realistic budgetary numbers for equipment, material and manpower planning; and
• create and complete multiple maintenance projects by coordinating sub-contractors, maintenance personnel and managing associated budgets.  

BM 240 - Plumbing Systems

• illustrate and understand the basic principles of sanitary and potable plumbing supply systems and their aspects of operation;
• recognize the principles of air, oil and gas piping installation within a facility;
• apply consideration to material and equipment selection with computer software and the internet;
• demonstrate the ability to troubleshoot water supply, sanitary drainage systems and fixtures;
• apply knowledge of energy conservation opportunities through water-saving fixtures, tank-less fixtures, water energy saving methods of recycling, and solar and geo-thermal energy opportunities;
• demonstrate and understand basic maintenance management principals in a mechanical environment;
• apply an understanding of the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician; and
• demonstrate oral and written communication skills through writing, sketching and presenting research reports on a plumbing planning and scheduling of a project.

 

S (C)

BM 241 - Electrical Systems II

• understand a broad overview of types and applications of electrical controls and equipment utilized in current field applications;
• demonstrate the ability to read, produce and interpret electrical schematics and related prints; 
• solve analytical problems using diagnostic skills in the repair and maintenance of electrical systems;
• demonstrate an awareness of the current electrical energy conservation opportunities and new techniques utilized by industry; and
• illustrate development of oral and written communication skills for customer relations.

BM 243 - Heating Systems I

• demonstrate an understanding of the principles of boiler operations;
• apply ASME Code symbols and stamps and its meaning;
• recognize feedwater systems, fuel systems, and steam systems;
• demonstrate the ability to maintain and troubleshoot HVAC systems; and
• demonstrate oral and written skills through writing work orders and inventory reports.

BM 244 - Air Conditioning and Ventilation

• demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of HVAC systems;
• apply practical application of refrigeration and air conditioning system technology;
• recognize the important concepts of the Clean Air Act and EPA regulatory changes;
• explain and comply with the section 608 EPA refrigerant recycling rule; and                                       
• demonstrate knowledge of EPA 608 certification upon successfully completing the national EPA test. 

BM 246 - Heating Systems II

• recognize and explain heat transfer methods;
• illustrate and understand commercial forced hot air systems;
• apply all operation maintenance concepts to troubleshoot HVAC systems;
• understanding of all steam boiler systems;
• demonstrate an understanding of heat pump theory and operation;
• analyze and troubleshoot heat pumps; and
• apply proper service & recordkeeping procedures for HVAC systems.

 

S (C)

BM 250 - Renewable Energy Systems

• demonstrate an understanding of renewable systems operations;
• describe and identify major components and subsystems;
• recognize and access environmental issues associated with both traditional fuels and renewables; and
• apply thermodynamic principle associated with heat transfer.

BM 252 - Mechanics of Energy II

• demonstrate mastery of basic work and safety techniques;
• apply a variety of methods to perform, classify, code, and order facility and infrastructure inspections; and
• demonstrate the ability to perform emergency response procedures to any and all natural gas-related emergencies.

BM 255 - Green Building Technology

• demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of green, clean and sustainable technology as they relate to the built environment;
• apply a working knowledge of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System;
• demonstrate and operate hand and power tools safely and effectively in order to maximize efficiency in the work environment;
• apply basic construction math in order to estimate linear, square and volume footage, along with estimating labor and materials;
• illustrate an understanding of the basic principles of wooden, light steel, concrete, timber frame, straw bale, adobe and other alternative building systems; and
• recognize and select material, resource and systems selection to minimize the environmental impact in the building and facilities industries.

BM 260 - Electrical Systems for Renewable Systems

• demonstrate the basic principles of a broad overview of types and applications of electrical methods of tools, materials, devices, wiring controls and equipment utilized in current field applications;
• apply the ability to read, produce and interpret electrical blueprints and drawings, along with codes applicable to design;
• recognize and identify the basic attributes of each form of alternative electrical energy;
• apply the spectrum of analyzing and troubleshooting the mechanics of the systems operation;
• set up and solve basic engineering problems associated with conventional and alternative energy use;
• describe the theory of operation of the types of alternative electrical energy system available to the industry today; and
• apply and promote awareness in the students of current energy conservation and the mechanics to troubleshoot technically and resolve the problems at hand.

BM 266 - Green HVAC & Plumbing

• apply the basic principles of various HVAC, plumbing, mechanical, electrical and electronic systems commonly found in the building and facilities industry;
• demonstrate the ability to operate hand and power tools safely and effectively in order to maximize efficiency in the work environment;
• analyze and perform preventative and predictive maintenance in order to maximize efficiency and safety in the work environment;
• recognize and utilize basic maintenance management principles in a mechanical environment; and
• analyze and perform the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician.

BM 270 - Project Management

• demonstrate a basic understanding of modern organizing and planning techniques, methods and procedures;
• illustrate an awareness of how the maintenance manager can use these techniques to maximize productivity of the staff and assets assigned to him/her; and
• apply and use written communication tools in organizing and planning methods to solve everyday problems of construction/facilities management.              

BM 272 - Property Management

• recognize a broad overview of the types and varieties of both rental and managed properties in the field today;
• demonstrate the ability to perform the duties and the responsibilities of an entry level property manager;
• create and promote awareness of energy and conservation opportunities; and
• demonstrate effective written and oral skills required to be a quality property manager.

BM 275 - Maintenance Management/Supervision

• illustrate a basic understanding of modern supervisory techniques, methods and procedures;
• demonstrate an awareness of how the supervisor functions in the modern business workplace; and
• demonstrate the written and oral skills required to be an effective first line supervisor.

 

S (C)

BM 281 - Facilities Maintenance & Environmental Topics

• recognize the basic principles of various mechanical, electrical and electronic systems commonly found in building facilities and industry;
• demonstrate the ability to perform preventative and predictive maintenance in order to maximize efficiency and safety in the work environment;
• describe basic maintenance management principals in a mechanical environment;
• apply the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician; and
• demonstrate oral and written communication skills through writing and presenting a research report on an industrial process or inventor.

BM 290 - Maintenance Programs

• present and develop a maintenance program portfolio;
• explain and document building systems and equipment histories;
• recognize the components of building systems interactions;
• discuss and present a multi-format presentation related to building systems in relation to the facility;
• demonstrate the skill sets required to be a competent maintenance technician;
• apply the understanding and use of building plans, specifications and building codes for renovations; and
• develop the ability to manage and lead others safely and effectively in the building and facilities industries.

BM 295 - Green Building Lab

• demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of green, clean and sustainable technology as they relate to the built environment;
• describe and select material, resource and systems selection to minimize the environmental impact in the building and facilities industries;
• recognize and access environmental issues associated with both traditional fuels and renewables;
• demonstrate an understanding of renewable system operation; and
• apply a working knowledge of the leadership in energy A - D Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System.

BR 100 - Building Trades Practicum I

• understand safety standards;
• understand general building codes;
• understand material selection;
• understand renovation techniques;
• install and finish gypsum board;
• install gas, potable water, and/or DWV systems;
• understand wiring principles;
• understand insulation techniques;
• recycle building materials;
• install windows and/or doors; and
• install siding.

NOTE: The above skills may be dependent on site activities during the semester.

F (C)

BR 102 - Building Trades Practicum II

• understand safety standards;
• understand general building codes;
• understand material selection;
• understand renovation techniques;
• install and finish gypsum board;
• install gas, potable water, and/or DWV systems;
• understand wiring principles;
• understand insulation techniques;
• recycle building materials;
• install windows and/or doors; and
• install siding.

NOTE: The above skills may be dependent on site activities during the semester.

Prerequisites: BR 100
S (C)

BU 120 - Introduction to Accounting

BU 121 - Accounting Principles I

BU 122 - Accounting Principles II

BU 130 - Quantitative Business Methods

BU 131 - Computer Applications in Business

• learn the fundamentals of operating a computer;
• learn the difference between hardware and software;
• demonstrate how to use the most popular software and how to apply these to business situations;
• become computer literate by the end of the semester;
• be prepared to take more advanced business courses;
• convert business situations/problems to computer models; and
• be prepared to integrate the computer into other college courses.

BU 140 - Introduction to Business

BU 142 - Business Communication

• understand and describe the communication process and its impact on the office environment;
• apply the rules of grammar, punctuation, style, and proofreading to write effective business correspondence (i.e. letters, memos, reports, and messages);
• correspond effectively using a variety of business and technical mediums;
• prepare effective employment communications such as resumés, letters of application, and letters of reference. Develop effective interviewing skills;
• understand the importance of reading, listening, and speaking effectively in professional situations;
• demonstrate an ability to deliver an effective oral presentation to a group using appropriate techniques to obtain and maintain the listeners’ attention and convey messages clearly;
• critically examine situations to determine the most effective response; and
• accurately convey messages and determine appropriate follow-up of communications delivered through various mediums.

BU 151 - Marketing I

BU 221 - Computerized Accounting

BU 225 - Introduction to Income Tax

BU 226 - Managerial Accounting

BU 231 - Business Systems

• learn the fundamentals of operating a computer;
• learn the difference between hardware and software;
• learn how to use the most popular software and how to apply these to business situations;
• become computer literate by the end of the semester;
• be prepared to take more advanced business courses;
• convert business situations/problems to computer models; and
• be prepared to integrate the computer into other college courses.

BU 232 - Business Finance

BU 233 - Consumer Finance

BU 234 - Investments

BU 240 - Principles of Management

BU 241 - Organizational Behavior

• explain the classical and contemporary theories of individual behavior;
• demonstrate an understanding of the various theories of motivation;
• discuss theories of communication;
• explain how conflict may be resolved through negotiation;
• discuss philosophies of managing human resources;
• illustrate ways of managing essential change in organizations; and
• demonstrate how to deal with stress management.

BU 242 - Human Resource Management

BU 243 - Entrepreneurship

BU 244 - Introduction to Sports Management

BU 245 - Administrative Practices in Sports Management

BU 247 - Business Plan Completion

BU 248 - Practicum in Supervision

BU 251 - Marketing II

BU 252 - Marketing Management

BU 253 - Retailing

BU 254 - Advertising

BU 255 - Salesmanship

BU 261 - Business Law I

BU 262 - Business Law II

BU 271 - Internship

BU 272 - Cooperative Education - Business Administration

BU 295 - Special Business Topics

CH 110 - Survey of Science

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
At the completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• understand the scientific method, its uses and limitations;
• comprehend some topics in chemistry such as: temperature, states of matter, reactions, concept of acid and bases, neutralization, solubility, etc.;
• be familiar with some topics in physics such as: gravity, Coulomb’s law, current, voltage, electromagnetic spectrum, colorimetry, etc.;
• understand some topics in the field of biology such as: molecules of life, antacids, metabolism, digestion, etc.;
• be conversant with topics in astronomy: solar system, new planets, etc.;
• be familiar with topics in earth science such as: earthquakes, greenhouse effect, global warming, ozone layer, etc.; and
• be familiar with some engineering topics such as: heat transfer, gasoline, alternative fuels, vehicles and energy sources, etc.

CH 112 - Understanding Drugs

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
At the completion of this course, the student should be able to :

•  have an understanding of the scientific method – its uses and limitations;
•  utilize and understand simple chemical terminology;
•  understand the basis of the nervous system and its use in drug usage;
•  have some understanding of the basis of pharmacology; and
• describe the mechanism of actions of several major types of drugs including pain relievers, opiates, alcohol, nicotine, sedative – hypnotics, tranquilizers, antidepressants, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, etc.

CH 114 - Chemistry for Consumers

• appraise the relationships between society and technology in the world;
• evaluate the historical foundations of the natural science of chemistry; and
• use non-technical literature to understand the impact of new chemical discoveries on our way of life.

CH 116 - Chemistry and the Environment

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
At the completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• define key theories in chemistry;
• evaluate the interrelatedness of chemical science in their everyday lives;
• utilize chemical concepts to understand potential environmental threats;
• compare the causes and sources of the major types of pollution; and
• identify some of the techniques used in pollution control.

CH 117 - Lab for CH 116

• demonstrate the use of routine lab equipment for measurement and illustrate results to the limit of the precision of the measuring device;
• apply learned techniques to conduct experiments that support and supplement material covered in lecture;
• demonstrate the ability to make observations, gather and classify data;
• discuss and follow all safety regulations and demonstrate safe handling and use of chemicals and apparatus; and
• apply chemical principles and analytical methods to environmental issues.

CH 118 - Forensic Science

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
At the completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• apply science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system;
• apply the chemical principles underlying the analytical methods used in criminal investigations;
• depict the role of the forensic scientist in the criminal justice system and the consideration of admissible expert testimony;
• categorize matter according to state and distinguish between physical and chemical properties and changes;
• name the major contributors to the development of forensic science;
• describe the services of a typical comprehensive crime laboratory in the criminal justice system;
• define physical evidence and its proper handling;
• describe and explain the process of chromatography;
• name the parts of a simple emission spectrograph and distinguish continuous and line emission spectra;
• define and distinguish between protons, neutrons and electrons;
• list the parts of the compound microscope;
• distinguish the forensic applications of the compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope;
• name and classify the commonly abused drugs;
• explain the testing procedures used for forensic identification of commonly abused drugs; and
• explain how alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream, transported throughout the body, and eliminated by oxidation and excretion.

CH 119 - Lab for CH 118

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
Upon the completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• conduct experiments that provide support for key principles covered in lecture;
• develop the ability to make observations, gather and classify data;
• develop an awareness of hazards of chemical substances and how to work with them safely;
• prepare a laboratory report;
• demonstrate the proper and safe use of laboratory equipment; and
• apply chemical principles and analytical methods to criminal investigations.

CH 140 - College Chemistry I

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• recognize the precision of measured quantities as reported via significant figures;
• perform arithmetic calculations on measured quantities and report answers to proper number of significant figures in scientific notation;
• categorize matter according to state and class and distinguish between physical and chemical changes and physical and chemical properties;
• interpret chemical notation for atoms, molecules and ions;
• balance chemical equations and perform calculations based on stoichiometric relationships;
• classify chemical reactions as combination, decomposition, replacement, metathesis or redox;
• draw models for atoms and ions given nuclide symbols, showing nuclear composition and electron distribution in principle shells and subshells;
• relate electron configuration and periodic classification of elements (Periodic Table);
• explain the differences between ionic and covalent bonding and the resulting ionic and molecular compounds;
• draw electron-dot structures for atoms, molecules and ions;
• name inorganic compounds from formulae and write proper formulae from names;
• use the mole concept to convert between masses of substances and number of atoms and/or molecules present;
• calculate an unknown parameter of the gaseous state from the Ideal Gas Law; and
• calculate solution concentrations in % Solute and Molarity units.

CH 141 - Lab for CH 140

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• use routine lab equipment for measurement of mass, length, volume and temperature, and report results to the limit of the precision of the measuring device;
• handle chemicals and apparatus in such a manner as to ensure the safety of the laboratory environment;
• calculate properties of matter from measurements in metrc system;
• identify unknowns by determining physical properties such as density, melting and boiling points, flame tests and solubility in various solvents as well as chemical properties such as flammability and precipitations;
• separate components of a mixture by sublimation, extraction, decantation and  filtration;
• observe evidence for chemical and physical changes and write balanced equations for chemical reactions;
• distinguish between ionic and molecular compounds on the basis of their electrolytic conductivity, and account for differences in conductivity between strong and weak electrolytes;
• distinguish acids from bases on the basis of their most salient properties;
• draw electron-dot formulae for simple molecules and ions, and assemble models to demonstrate their structure; and
• use reference materials from library and websites to obtain accepted values for properties needed to determine % deviations of experimental results from theoretical values.

CH 142 - College Chemistry II

• state whether gaseous volume increases or decreases due to a change in pressure, temperature or number of moles;
• calculate one of the variables of the gaseous state from a knowledge of the other three;
• identify the three intermolecular forces that account for the condensed states of matter;
• explain the properties of liquids and solids on the basis of their molecular structure;
• predict the solubility of solutes in various solvents based on the polarities of both;
• compare the properties of true solutions, colloidal dispersions and suspensions,and relate them to particle size;
• explain the concept of acid-base titration;
• calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases;
• list the variables that affect the rates of chemical reactions;
• explain the role of collision frequency, energy and orientation in determining reaction rates;
• express the law of mass action as an equation, and use it to calculate equilibrium concentrations for reactants and products;
• predict shifts in equilibrium based on Lechatelier’s Principle;
• identify oxidizing and reducing agents in redox reactions;
• balance equations for nuclear decay and transmutation reactions from a knowledge of the subatomic particles captured or emitted; and
• identify classes of organic compounds and biomolecules from functional groups, and give IUPAC names for the common classes.

CH 143 - Lab for CH 142

• use routine laboratory instruments like analytical balances, pH meters and spectrometers in the performance of chemical experiments;
• use volumetric glassware properly to achieve its possible precision;
• predict whether osmosis, dialysis or both will occur when solutions are separated by semipermeable membranes;
• determine end-points in acid-base titrations;
• determine the concentration of solutes in unknown solutions;
• balance redox reactions and predict spontaneity of replacement reactions;
• recognize and classify organic and biochemical compounds by knowledge of their functional groups;
• determine the pH of aqueous solutions using acid-base indicators and pH meters;
• explain shifts in chemical equilibrium based on LeChatelier’s Principle; and
• calculate % yields for synthesis reactions

 

Prerequisites: CH 141
Concurrent Registration: CH 142
F/S (C, N, S)

CH 144 - General Chemistry with Introductory Organic and Biochemistry

Fulfills SUNY General Education – Natural Sciences.

Course Outcomes
Upon the completion of this course, the student should be able to:

• use the dimensional analysis technique to interconvert English and metric units;
• perform conversions between Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales;
• determine the relationship between density, mass and volume;
• perform calculations involving specific heat, temperature changes and calories;
• compare and explain the relationship between various components of the electromagnetic spectrum;
• utilize the concepts embodied in the Laws of Dalton, Graham, Charles, Boyle and Henry;
• explain and illustrate atomic structure from early theories to modern views of electron configurations;
• balance chemical equations and perform stoichiometric calculations;
• predict and name chemical formulas utilizing the concept of quantum mechanics;
• illustrate the basic laws of thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle;
• compare and contrast the properties of suspensions, solutions and colloids;
• calculate and explain the concepts of molarity, molality, colligative properties, acidity and pH measurements;
• name alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics according to I.U.P.A.C. rules;
• recognize the various functional groups of compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen;
• recognize and classify carbohydrates, including mono, di, and polysaccharides;
• distinguish between and discuss properties of lipids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins and hormones;
• describe the major metabolic pathways of glycogenolysis, lipogenesis, the citric acid cycle, and amino acid catabolism; and
• identify and explain structural differences and similarities of the nucleic acids