BI 152 - Anatomy and Physiology II

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• define an endocrine gland and list the endocrine glands of the body;
• classify hormones as amino acid based or steroids;
• define the term hormone and explain the mechanism of hormonal action;
• locate the major endocrine glands in the body, state their hormones and give the action of each hormone; and
• identify the disorders associated with hypersecretions and hyposecretions of hormones.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Blood

• state the functions, characteristics and components of blood;
• describe the process of hematopoiesis;
• state the steps and major factors involved with the clotting process; and
• describe blood typing and blood disorders.

Heart and Blood Vessels

• locate major structures of the heart and trace pathway of blood through the heart;
• describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue;
• explain the phases of the cardiac cycle in terms of pressure changes in the chambers;
• describe the electrical conduction system of the heart;
• describe the regulation of heart rate;
• identify major disorders by description; and
• state the major structural and functional characteristics of arteries, veins and capillaries.

Cardiovascular Physiology and Circulatory Routes

• state the formula for cardiac output and calculate cardiac outputs from data supplied;
• state the formula for blood pressure and identify the factors affecting and controlling blood pressure;
• list the methods by which venous blood is returned to the heart;
• differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation;
• locate and identify major blood vessels of the cardiovascular system; and
• describe fetal circulation and the changes required after birth.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• identify the major vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system;
• trace the lymph flow from the capillary bed to its entry into the cardiovascular system; and
• identify the other major organs of the lymphatic system, their structure, location and function.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• identify the major structures of the respiratory system;
• describe the mechanism of breathing and gas exchange;
• identify lung volumes and their capacities;
• describe the transport of gases in the blood; and
• identify major disorders by description.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• describe the histology of the alimentary tube;
• describe the structures of the digestive tract and trace the route taken, by food down this tract;
• describe the location and function of the accessory organs of digestion; and
• state the major sites of digestion, and enzyme activity in the hydrolysis of foods.

URINARY SYSTEM

• locate and identify the major structures of the urinary system;
• identify the internal and external structures of the kidney;
• identify the microscopic anatomy of the nephron;
• trace a drop of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein;
• describe the process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion;
• state the factors controlling urine output and identify normal components of urine; and
• identify major disorders by description.

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

• describe the fluid compartments of the body;
• identify adjustments to fluid balance;
• identify the factors affecting acid-base balance; and
• describe the effect of buffers, respiratory and renal influences in correcting acid-base balance.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• identify the major male and female reproductive structures;
• define and describe gametogenesis., fertilization, and implantation;
• describe the action of male and female hormones; and
• identify major disorders by description.