BI 178 - Basic Human Physiology

GENERAL PLAN OF THE HUMAN BODY

• define anatomy and physiology and explain their interrelationship;
• compare the levels of organization of the human body;
• identify the various tissue types in terms of structure, function and location; and
• describe homeostasis and explain its significance.

CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

• state the main elements composing the human body;
• define metabolism; describe anabolic and catabolic reactions;
• describe the function of the major inorganic molecules and the significance of pH in the body;
• define and apply the terms “hydrolysis” and “dehydration synthesis”;
• identify the four major classes of organic molecules; describe the molecular structure and the function of each; and
• relate each of the classes of organic molecules to their food sources.

CELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• define the cell as the basic unit of life;
• define the structure of the cell membrane; list its functions;
• describe the process by which substances pass through the cell membrane;
• compare and contrast isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions; and
• identify and describe important organelles.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• describe lymph and lymphatic vessels;
• describe the method and direction of lymph flow;
• describe the structure of a lymph node; explain its physiology;
• state the body’s general defenses against disease;
• explain the immune response; differentiate between the types of immunity; and
• explain blood typing, transplant rejection and allergies.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• describe the characteristics of blood;
• state the functions of blood;
• identify and give the function of each of the components of plasma.Describe red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets;
• describe the steps and the various problems involved in blood clotting;
• describe the external and internal anatomy of the heart;
• trace the flow of blood through the heart and through the body circuits;
• describe the conduction system and the outcome of irregularities in this system;
• identify and locate the heart valves; describe irregularities in blood flow due to faulty valves;
• describe the types of blood vessels, including function and blood pressure;
• state factors affecting blood pressure and cardiac output;
• explain several vessel disorders, such as aneurysm and hypertension; and
• discuss the effects of diet on the cardiovascular system.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND METABOLISM

• describe the organs of the gastrointestinal tract; describe the accessory organs;
• describe the wall of the gastrointestinal tract; describe variations in the wall in each specific organ;
• differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion;
• describe the action of an enzyme; describe each enzyme involved in digestion;
• describe bile and describe its role in digestion;
• identify the end products of digestion and explain how each is absorbed;
• define nutrient; list the types of nutrients and explain the function of each;
• explain the processes of glucose catabolism and glucose anabolism;
• explain the metabolic pathways involved in lipid catabolism; in lipid anabolism;
• explain the metabolic pathways involved in the utilization of amino acids for energy;
• differentiate between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins; describe the function of each; and
• explain the significance of several minerals in maintaining homeostasis.

THE URINARY SYSTEM AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

• identify and locate the organs composing the urinary system;
• describe the anatomy of a nephron;
• explain the processes of filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion;
• state normal constituents of urine;
• state abnormal components of urine, and explain the clinical significance of each; and
• describe the role of the kidney in water, pH, and electrolyte balance.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• identify and locate each of the organs composing the endocrine system;
• differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands;
• state the hormones produced by each gland; explain the physiological significance of each; and
• describe hormone regulation.