BI 178 - Basic Human Physiology

1. define anatomy and physiology and explain their interrelationship;
2. compare the levels of organization of the human body;
3. identify the various tissue types in terms of structure, function and location; and
4. describe homeostasis and explain its significance.
5. state the main elements composing the human body;
6. define metabolism; describe anabolic and catabolic reactions;
7. describe the function of the major inorganic molecules and the significance of pH in the body;
8. define and apply the terms “hydrolysis” and “dehydration synthesis”;
9. identify the four major classes of organic molecules; describe the molecular structure and the function of each; and
10. relate each of the classes of organic molecules to their food sources.
11. define the cell as the basic unit of life;
12. define the structure of the cell membrane; list its functions;
13. describe the process by which substances pass through the cell membrane;
14. compare and contrast isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions; and
15. identify and describe important organelles.
16. describe lymph and lymphatic vessels;
17. describe the method and direction of lymph flow;
18. describe the structure of a lymph node; explain its physiology;
19. state the body’s general defenses against disease;
20. explain the immune response; differentiate between the types of immunity; and
21. explain blood typing, transplant rejection and allergies.
22. describe the characteristics of blood;
23. state the functions of blood;
24. identify and give the function of each of the components of plasma.Describe red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets;
25. describe the steps and the various problems involved in blood clotting;
26. describe the external and internal anatomy of the heart;
27. trace the flow of blood through the heart and through the body circuits;
28. describe the conduction system and the outcome of irregularities in this system;
29. identify and locate the heart valves; describe irregularities in blood flow due to faulty valves;
30. describe the types of blood vessels, including function and blood pressure;
31. state factors affecting blood pressure and cardiac output;
32. explain several vessel disorders, such as aneurysm and hypertension; and
33. discuss the effects of diet on the cardiovascular system.
34. describe the organs of the gastrointestinal tract; describe the accessory organs;
35. describe the wall of the gastrointestinal tract; describe variations in the wall in each specific organ;
36. differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion;
37. describe the action of an enzyme; describe each enzyme involved in digestion;
38. describe bile and describe its role in digestion;
39. identify the end products of digestion and explain how each is absorbed;
40. define nutrient; list the types of nutrients and explain the function of each;
41. explain the processes of glucose catabolism and glucose anabolism;
42. explain the metabolic pathways involved in lipid catabolism; in lipid anabolism;
43. explain the metabolic pathways involved in the utilization of amino acids for energy;
44. differentiate between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins; describe the function of each; and
45. explain the significance of several minerals in maintaining homeostasis.
46. identify and locate the organs composing the urinary system;
47. describe the anatomy of a nephron;
48. explain the processes of filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion;
49. state normal constituents of urine;
50. state abnormal components of urine, and explain the clinical significance of each; and
51. describe the role of the kidney in water, pH, and electrolyte balance.
52. identify and locate each of the organs composing the endocrine system;
53. differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands;
54. state the hormones produced by each gland; explain the physiological significance of each; and
55. describe hormone regulation.